Skip to content
Welcome to the definitive Experts Watches guide to Valjoux chronograph movements, with a special focus on the legendary Valjoux 23 & 72 family, also known as the Valjoux two-digit movement references. Produced for over 60 years and adopted by dozens of brands, the Valjoux 23/72 calibers powered icons from Rolex Daytona and Heuer Carrera to Patek Philippe references 130, 1463, 1518, and 2499. The two-digit reference Valjoux isย still being made by manufacturers.
Experts Watches specializes in vintage and modern vintage watches with Valjoux movements, combining collector-grade inventory with deep technical insight. For more watch guides, visit our Guide Section.
The Valjoux 22 was the wristwatch-optimized successor to earlier pocket watch chronograph calibers, originally designed for larger wristwatches. Introduced in 1914 by Reymond Frรจres in the Vallรฉe de Joux, it is a 14 ligne (31.3 mm) column-wheel chronograph with subsidiary seconds at 9:00 and a minute counter at 3:00. Like its smaller brother, the Valjoux 23, it uses a nine-column wheel architecture.
โThe Valjoux 22 family was originally designed for pocket watches and is thus a larger movement than is typical for those years, measuring 14 ligne or 31.3 mm. Like its smaller brother, the Valjoux 23, it is a nine-column column wheel chronograph with subsidiary seconds and a minute counter at 9:00 and 3:00, respectively.โ
Key variations and collector highlights include:

The Valjoux 71 (1938โ1974) is a larger 14 ligne (31.3 mm) chronograph evolving from the Valjoux 22 and adding a 12-hour counter at 6:00. It essentially translates the Valjoux 22 architecture into a three-register layout, making it ideal for long-duration timing and early โpre-Carreraโ style chronographs.
1940's Vintage Heuer 345 Big Eye Chronograph Valjoux 71 Pre-Carrera
Collector note: the Heuer 345 Big Eye Pre-Carrera is a prime example of Valjoux 71 in wristwatch form, showcasing the oversized minute counter and classic mid-century chronograph proportions.
The Valjoux 23 family of chronograph movements was widely used and produced for nearly 60 years. Introduced in 1916, the Valjoux 23 (VZ23) is a manually wound, 13 ligne (29.5 mm) column-wheel chronograph with a two-register layout. It became the backbone of midโcentury chronograph watchmaking.
โThe Valjoux 23 family is 13 ligne in size (29.5 mm) with a nine-pillar column wheel. It is typically a two-register design, with small seconds at 9:00 and a 30- or 45-minute counter at 3:00. Also, offered in variation offering flyback, calendar, moon phase, and other complications were sometimes offered as well.โ
The Valjoux 72 (VZH72) is the three-register evolution of the same base, adding a 12โhour chronograph counter at 6:00. This architecture would go on to power some of the most famous chronographs ever made, including Rolex Daytona references, Heuer Carrera models, and Patek Philippe perpetual calendar chronographs.
1960's Serviced Vintage Zodiac Chronograph Zodia-Chron Valjoux 72 Hermetic
From the VZ23 trunk (1916โ1974) several important branches developed. The core characteristics of the base caliber are its 29.5 mm diameter, approximately 5.85 mm height, nine-teeth column wheel, and two-register layout with small seconds at 9:00 and a 30- or 45-minute counter at 3:00.
โIn a next step just a bit later a triple calendar function was added โ with apertures at 11 and 1 oโclock โ which increased the movement height to 6.95 mm. Both of these movements, the VZ23 and VZ23C, were initially mono-pusher designs (as well as the VZ22). It wasnโt until the 1940s that two-pushers got popular and the 1950s that the monopusher went completely out of production.โ
โFinally, in late 1960s Valjoux introduced an upgrade to the VZ23 and VZH72 and increased the balance wheel oscillation frequency from 2.5 Hz to 3 Hz (18,000 to 21,600 bph). This resulted in the introduction of the Valjoux 236 (1974โ79) and the Valjoux 726 (1969โ74).โ

The Valjoux 69 is the compact sibling of the VZ23, introduced in 1936. At 10.5 ligne (23.35 mm), it was designed for smaller and square chronographs, where case dimensions demanded a more compact movement. To achieve this, the column wheel was reduced from 9 to 8 teeth, but the core Valjoux DNA remained.
One of the most charming examples is the Rolex reference 3529, a square chronograph from the late 1930s with a mere 26 mm side length, powered by the Valjoux 69. These โmini-chronographsโ wear much larger on the wrist than their dimensions suggest, thanks to their square footprint and strong dial presence.
Below is a picture of Rolex's smallest chronograph watch, with a mere 26mm side length. The reference 3529 from the late 1930s sporting the mini-sized Valjoux 69.

Two-digit Valjoux movements โ such as Valjoux 22, Valjoux 23, Valjoux 69, Valjoux 71, Valjoux 72, Valjoux 72C, Valjoux 77, Valjoux 88, Valjoux 90, and Valjoux 92 โ form the core of midโcentury chronograph history. Collectors often search specifically by these two-digit Valjoux references, and they are central to understanding the evolution of Swiss chronograph design.


Across decades, the Valjoux 23/72 and other two-digit Valjoux movements became the engine behind some of the most iconic chronographs ever made. A few highlights:

Over more than 60 years of production, the total output of the Valjoux 23/72 family is estimated at under one million ebauches across all variants and brands.
โIn one case, over the entire production run from 1916 to 1979 โ so over 60 years โ Valjoux made only about 125,000 VZ23 ebauches. That is actually less than 2,000 a year. Other experts estimate the production of the Valjoux 72 at close to 750,000. So including all cousins of the family weโre probably speaking of less than 1 million Valjoux 23/72 ebauches ever produced.โ
By contrast, the later Valjoux/ETA 7750 automatic chronograph was produced in the hundreds of thousands per year, with โmillionsโ made in just a few years in the 1970s.
Collector takeaway: the Valjoux 23/72 is famous, but not common. Its total production is modest compared to later industrial chronograph calibers, especially when you consider how many brands shared this same movement family.
Rolex is the single largest user of Valjoux 23/72 movements, with at least 62,000 chronographs encasing these calibers across dozens of references. From early โpre-Daytonaโ chronographs to the famous Daytona line, Rolex relied heavily on Valjoux column-wheel chronographs before transitioning to Zenith and later in-house calibers.
For collectors, Rolex Valjoux chronographs represent the intersection of tool-watch functionality, racing heritage, and high-grade Swiss chronograph engineering. The transition from Valjoux 72 to Valjoux 727 marks the move to higher frequency and improved timekeeping stability.

Patek Philippe relied on the Valjoux 23 ebauche (Patek 13โ130) for its midโcentury chronographs and as the base for its first perpetual calendar chronographs. Approximately 4,000 VZ23 ebauches were encased by Patek across chronograph and complicated references.

Audemars Piguet used the Valjoux 23 as a base for chronographs, full calendars, and time-only conversions. Approximately 2,300 VZ23 ebauches were used, including 307 chronographs, 11 perpetual calendars, and around 2,000 VZSS time-only pieces.
Vacheron Constantin used the VZ23 ebauche as cal. 492 in several midโcentury chronographs, including the celebrated ref. 4178. Total production of these Valjoux-based VC chronographs is estimated at around 600 pieces.
Heuer was both a major user and modulator of Valjoux movements. At least 5 references used the Valjoux 23 and 13 references used the Valjoux 72, including early Carrera and Autavia models.
Known for its in-house 281 family, Universal Genรจve also used the Valjoux 72 in some Compax iterations, especially in later or special configurations.
Many midโcentury chronograph specialists and tool-watch brands relied on the Valjoux 23/72 and two-digit Valjoux family for their chronographs. These include:


Heuer was one of the most important customers of Valjoux movements and also one of the few to significantly re-engineer the Valjoux 23 architecture. The result was the Valjoux 77 ECO and its successor, the Valjoux 92.
At Experts Watches, we regularly feature Enicar Valjoux 92 chronographs and other Valjoux 92-powered watches, giving collectors access to this important two-digit Valjoux movement.

Based on a commission, Patek Philippe introduced the worldโs first splitโseconds chronograph wristwatch in 1922, using a modulated Victorin Piguet movement. This prototype paved the way for serially produced splitโseconds chronographs from 1924 onwards and ultimately for the ref. 1518 (1941) and ref. 2499 (1950โ1985), both built on a refined Valjoux 23 base.
Twice as rare: two ref. 1554R both made in 1942 with rarely seen removable lugs. Image credit: Patek Philippe Museum

Valjoux 72C adds a triple calendar module to the three-register chronograph, while the Valjoux 88 further adds a moonphase. These calibers appear in triple-date and full calendar chronographs from brands such as Patek Philippe, Audemars Piguet, Zodiac, and Doxa.

The Valjoux 78 and Valjoux 90 are nonโchronograph relatives of the 23/72 family, focusing on calendar and moonphase complications rather than timing functions. They appear in triple calendar and full calendar watches without chronograph registers.
The Valjoux 13 mono-pusher chronographs represent an earlier era of chronograph control where all functions were operated through a single pusher. These movements are valued for their simplicity and historical significance and appear in rare monopusher chronographs from brands such as Rolex and Alpina.
Rolex 1226 Chronograph monopusher with Valjoux 13
Valjoux 5 movements were originally designed for pocket watches and later converted to wristwatch format, often with full calendar and moonphase complications. These conversions are highly collectible due to their unique architecture and low production numbers.
Britix used the Valjoux 72C in rare twoโregister tripleโdate chronographs, combining calendar functionality with a simplified chronograph display. These pieces are less common on the market and appeal to collectors looking for unusual Valjoux 72C executions.
Certina employed nonโchronograph Valjoux calibers such as the Valjoux 228, demonstrating that Valjoux expertise extended beyond chronographs into highโgrade timeโonly and calendar movements.
The evolution of the chronograph watch is inseparable from the history of military, aviation, and racing. These watches were not created as luxury itemsโthey were precision instruments that changed the world. Chronographs allowed pilots to calculate fuel burn and navigation, soldiers to time artillery fuses and coordinated attacks, and drivers to measure lap times with unprecedented accuracy. The same core technology powered wartime missions, postโwar aviation, and the golden age of motorsport.

At the center of this story is Valjoux, whose movements became the backbone of 20thโcentury tool watches. From the French Type 20 military specification to the Heuer Carrera and Rolex Daytona, Valjoux chronograph watches defined reliability, serviceability, and precision timing across every field where seconds mattered.
The original Breguet Type XX was built to meet the French Type 20 military specification and was powered first by the handโwound Valjoux 22. Many early military pieces had sterile dials, while civilian versions carried the Breguet signature. Assembly was often handled by MatheyโTissot, including the famous โBig Eyeโ variant with an oversized 15โminute counter designed for flight timing.
Later Breguet Type XX watches transitioned to the Valjoux 222, modified for the mandatory flyback function. These Valjoux-powered Type XX aviation chronograph watches are among the most desirable military pilot watches on the market, combining historic provenance with a robust, serviceable movement.
Dodane was one of the main suppliers of Type 20 and later Type 21 watches. Many of their issued pieces used the Valjoux 222, modified for flyback operation to meet the French military specification. Dodane eventually became the sole official supplier of the Type 21, introduced in 1956 with improved reliability and lower maintenance requirements.
Dodane-built watches were also delivered under other names, including Airain, Chronofixe, and Seliva, all sharing the same Valjoux-based flyback architecture. These watches are recognized for their rugged cases, rotating bezels, and highly legible dialsโeverything a pilot needed from a true military chronograph watch.
Airain Type 20 watches were produced by Dodane and powered by the same Valjoux 222 flyback movement. They were issued to French military pilots and follow the same core specification as Breguet and Dodane Type 20 pieces: flyback chronograph, rotating bezel, luminous dial, and strict accuracy standards. Because they use the correct Valjoux movement, Airain Type 20 watches sit in a strong value position for collectors who want a โrealโ Type 20 without Breguet pricing.
Other Type 20 watches were produced by brands such as Auricoste, Vixa, Boullier, and MatheyโTissot using nonโValjoux movements (often Lemania or Germanโderived calibers). These watches are historically interesting and still desirable, but they generally sell for less than Valjoux-powered examples.
For many collectors, Valjoux-powered Type XX / Type 20 / Type 21 watches represent the top tier: they combine correct military specification, excellent parts availability, and strong longโterm collectibility. NonโValjoux Type 20 watches can be a more affordable entry point, but they typically do not command the same premiums.
The Breitling AVI and CoโPilot chronograph watches brought cockpitโready functionality to both military and civilian pilots. Early references used Valjoux 22, Valjoux 23, and Valjoux 72 movements.
The Breitling Ref. 817 was issued to the Italian military, featuring fixed bars and a rugged, noโnonsense dial. The iconic Ref. 806 Navitimer became one of the most recognizable aviation chronograph watches ever made, with its slideโrule bezel enabling inโflight calculations.

The Heuer Bund Sternzeit Reguliert Ref. 1551SGSZ is one of the most technically advanced military chronograph watches. Issued to the German Bundeswehr, it uses the Valjoux 230, a true flyback evolution of the Valjoux 23. โSternzeit Reguliertโ (sidereal time regulated) indicates specialized regulation for astronomical and navigation timing.
German โBundโ pilot chronograph watches were produced by Leonidas and later Sinn, often using Valjoux movements. These watches feature large cases, luminous dials, and fixed bars for strap security, with โBUNDโ engravings confirming military issue.
On the racetrack, Valjoux movements powered the most important racing chronograph watches of the 20th century. Heuer used the Valjoux 72, Valjoux 92, and later camโswitched families like the Valjoux 7730 and Valjoux 7733 in the Carrera and Autaviaโwatches designed for drivers, team managers, and rally navigators.
The Rolex Daytona used a heavily modified Valjoux 72 (later 727), becoming one of the most iconic racing chronograph watches ever made. Enicar contributed the Sherpa Graph, a favorite among 1960s racing drivers.
The automatic Valjoux 7750 later became the standard for modern racing chronograph watches, offering rugged reliability, dayโdate functionality, and widespread serviceability.

Lemania and Valjoux competed for military contracts throughout the midโ20th century. Lemania supplied movements for NATO and RAF chronograph watches, while Valjoux calibers dominated French, Italian, and German aviation watches. In racing, Valjoux became the preferred choice due to its broad adoption by Heuer, Rolex, Enicar, and others.
Pilots required more than a basic watch. Aviation chronograph watches needed:
The flyback chronograph was essential for rapid timing sequences. Movements like the Valjoux 230 and modified Type 20/21 calibers were engineered specifically for these demanding requirements.
Collectors rely heavily on caseback markings to verify genuine issued military chronograph watches. Common engravings include:
These markings confirm that a Valjoux-powered chronograph watch was actually issued, not a civilian lookโalike.
Manually wound two-digit Valjoux chronograph movements โ especially Valjoux 22, Valjoux 23, Valjoux 69, Valjoux 71, Valjoux 72, Valjoux 72C, Valjoux 77, Valjoux 88, Valjoux 90, and Valjoux 92 โ are considered among the most important chronograph calibers of the 20th century.
Manually wound Valjoux chronograph movements remain among the most respected calibers in vintage watchmaking. While columnโwheel competitors like the Universal Genรจve 281 and Lemania 2310 lasted only a few decades, the Valjoux twoโdigit family powered Swiss chronographs for more than forty years across dozens of brands.
The signature 9โcolumn wheel design is celebrated for its crisp pusher feel, reliability, and serviceability. Its influence was so strong that even competitorsโsuch as Universal Genรจve in select Compax modelsโused the Valjoux 72 as a base.
Examples in our inventory and archives include:

A select group of modern makers continues to restore and reโcase original Valjoux 23/72/88/92/234 movements, keeping these historic calibers alive in contemporary chronograph watchmaking.
Rebuilds original Valjoux 88 movements into ultraโlimited โSpeed of Soundโ chronographs with meteorite accents and modern titanium cases.

Uses restored Valjoux 234 movements in a shortโrun, oversized chronograph blending Panerai design with classic Valjoux mechanics.

Handcrafted, sculptural chronographs built around restored Valjoux 72 movements, produced in extremely small numbers.
Restores and reโcases vintage Valjoux movements for bespoke and limited projects, offering modern cases with vintage mechanical heritage.
Limited Swissโthemed chronographs powered by restored Valjoux 72 calibers, combining cultural design with mechanical pedigree.
Several microโindependents create oneโoff or ultraโlimited chronographs using clientโsupplied Valjoux movements, supported by strong parts availability and proven serviceability.
Though no longer produced, Valjoux movements remain highly serviceable and in demand. Modern brands reinterpret them, independents rebuild them, and collectors preserve themโensuring their legacy continues for decades.
The Valjoux legacy is not fading โ it is evolving.
Valjoux 72C Usage Instructions
The Valjoux 72C is the more complicated tripleโcalendar version of the iconic Valjoux 72, famously used in vintage Rolex Daytona models, Patek Philippe,ย Heuer Carrera, and many other highโgrade chronographs of the era.
Please use the illustration below to set and change the date, day, and month for your Valjoux 72C chronograph watch.
Important: Do not use the pushers to adjust the day, month, or date indicators between 8 PM and 2 AM, or to adjust the date and moonphase between 10 AM and 2 PM when the automatic jumping cycle is engaged.
โข The corrector at 10 oโclock advances the day and month.
โข The corrector at 7 oโclock advances the date and moonphase.
โข Use a pusher tool or a paper clip โ never force the levers.
Looking for a Valjoux 72C chronograph? Visit our Valjoux watch collection.
ย
Valjoux 88 Usage Instructions
The Valjoux 88 is similar to the 72C but adds a moonphase complication, making it one of the most iconic and collectible vintage chronograph movements ever produced.
Please use the illustration below to set and change the date, day, month, and moonphase for your Valjoux 88 chronograph watch.
Do not use the pushers to adjust the day, month, date, or moonphase between 8 PM and 2 AM or between 10 AM and 2 PM during the automatic jumping cycle.
โข 10 oโclock corrector โ Day & Month
โข 7 oโclock corrector โ Date & Moonphase
โข Use a pusher tool or paper clip โ never force the mechanism.
Looking for a Valjoux 88 chronograph? Explore our Valjoux collection.

No. Valjoux was an รฉbauche manufacturer supplying movements to many Swiss brands. However, as highlighted in our article above, several high-end manufacturers heavily modified, finished, and sometimes renamed these calibers to meet their own in-house standards.
These movements share the same Valjoux chronograph lineage but differ in size, register layout, switching mechanism, and complication level. A complete breakdown:
As complications increase, production numbers decrease and rarity rises. Different production eras also introduced subtle changes in bridges, levers, wheels, and especially balance assemblies, resulting in variations in beat rate (A/h) and parts compatibility.
Yesโwhen serviced by watchmakers experienced with vintage chronographs. Parts availability varies by reference, and calendar or moonphase variants require extra care during service and setting.
At Experts Watches, we specialize in vintage chronographs and carry many watches powered by Valjoux movements. We service these calibers using proper tools, techniques, and periodโcorrect parts to maintain authenticity and performance. Contact Us.
Many components within the Valjoux 23, 72, 77, 88, and 92 families are compatible due to shared architecture. However, there are important exceptions:
Because of these variations, parts compatibility must be evaluated case-by-case. For accurate servicing or parts matching, contact our watch service department.
These calibers were used by a wide range of manufacturers, from tool-watch brands to the highest tiers of Swiss watchmaking. Notable examples include:
Engravings such as โValjoux 23,โ โValjoux 72,โ or brandโmodified codes are typically found under the mainplate, beneath the balance wheel, or on the dial side depending on the manufacturer.
Identification is typically done by examining the movement layout and bridge shapes. Key indicators include:
Some brands removed or replaced Valjoux markings, so expert verification is recommended for high-value watches.
Collectors value these movements for their reliability, hand-finished components, historical importance, and use in iconic references. Factors that increase collectibility include:
The movement is only one factor. Brand prestige, reference rarity, case metal, dial configuration, provenance, and overall condition all influence value. A Valjoux 72 inside a Patek Philippe or Rolex commands dramatically higher prices than the same base movement inside a lesserโknown brand.
We also have aย Certified Pre-Owned Program and a Vintage Watch Guild for collectors.
Explore our full watch collection and for selling or trading, visit Sell or Trade.
For Rolex Serial Number Lookup or Tudor Serial Number Lookup, visit our Guide section.
Watch Movements That Changed the World of Watchmaking
Brief History of Diving Watches
Check our Watch Collection for the latest in Vintage & Luxury Watches.
ย If you are interested in selling, trading, or upgrading your watch, please contact us.
Could Not Ask For Better Service! Shipping was unbelievably quick! Awesomeness at its finest!
Highly Recommend!! I'm over satisfied! ExpertsWatches is awesome! So legit!
Very professional! Holy Crap that was fast!๐๐ฝ๐คฃ๐๐ฝ
JAEGER LeCOULTRE Master Compressor Titanium Diving PROGeographic GMT
Read more
Read more
Read more